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SUPERFICIAL IRRIGATION
Surface systems rely on surface grade and channels to help distribute the wastewater. Gated pipes discharge the wastewater at one end of a field and gently sloping furrows carry the wastewater throughout the field. Row crops and plant nurseries on level terrain are well suited for surface irrigation. Surface irrigation systems require less equipment than sprinkler systems and are not subject to spray drift problems. Surface irrigation systems are characterized by low capital costs but do not uniformly distribute the wastewater; the heaviest applications occur near the discharge points.
When wastewater is utilized, this technique, involving the transfer, from surface to the deeper layer of the soil, of nitrates and other substances, can cause the pollution of groundwater. Beside superficial irrigation involves the direct management of water by the workers, causing notable risk for the health, when a wastewater, of inadequate quality, is used for irrigation.
The acceptable quality characteristics for the wastewater use also depend on the irrigated crops typologies. Specifically three main typologies of cultivation can be considered:2-Edible after treatment cultivations
